1. What is Selenium?
Selenium is a free, open-source framework used for automating web browser interactions. It supports multiple programming languages like Java, Python, and C#, and works on various platforms such as Windows, Mac, and Linux. Selenium is widely used for regression testing, cross-browser testing, and functional testing of web applications.
2. What are the components of Selenium?
- Selenium IDE: A record-and-playback tool for creating simple scripts without programming knowledge.
- Selenium Remote Control (RC): A server-based tool for running tests in multiple programming languages (now deprecated).
- Selenium WebDriver: An advanced tool that directly communicates with browsers for more efficient and modern testing.
- Selenium Grid: Allows parallel execution of tests across multiple machines, browsers, and operating systems.
3. Why is Selenium extensively used for automation?
- Works with multiple browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge).
- Supports many programming languages (e.g., Java, Python, C#).
- Compatible with various operating systems.
- Free and open-source with strong community support.
- Easily integrates with CI/CD tools (e.g., Jenkins).
- Supports testing frameworks like TestNG and JUnit.
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Selenium?
Advantages:
- Cross-browser compatibility.
- Multi-language support.
- Parallel and distributed testing via Selenium Grid.
- Open-source with no licensing costs.
Disadvantages:
- Requires programming skills.
- No built-in reporting (relies on third-party tools like TestNG).
- High maintenance effort for test scripts.
- Browser updates can cause compatibility issues.
5. Difference Between WebDriver and Selenium RC?
WebDriver:
- Directly interacts with the browser.
- Faster and supports modern web elements.
- Requires minimal setup.
Selenium RC:
- Uses an intermediate server to communicate with the browser.
- Slower and less efficient.
- Deprecated and not suitable for modern web applications.
6. Types of Testing Possible with Selenium?
- Regression Testing - Ensures that new changes or enhancements don’t break the existing functionality.
- Functional Testing - Verifies that the application behaves as expected according to functional requirements.
- Cross-Browser Testing - Tests the application across multiple browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge to ensure compatibility
7. What are the different types of waits available in Selenium?
- Explicit Wait: you can wait for a certain condition, such as an element becoming clickable, visible, or present on the DOM, before taking action.
- Implicit Wait: implicit wait commands selenium to wait for a certain amount of time before throwing a "No such element" exception
- Fluent Wait : This wait is used to inform the Webdriver to wait for a specific condition at a given interval during which the condition is checked for a particular amount of time prior to throwing an exception.
8. Differences Between `driver.close()` and `driver.quit()`
- driver.close(): Closes the current browser tab/window.
- driver.quit(): Closes all browser windows and ends the WebDriver session.
9. Differences Between `findElement()` and 'findElements()'?
findElement:
- findElement(): Returns the first matching element; throws an exception if not found.
- findElement(): Stops searching after finding the first matching element.
- findElement() Returns the first matching element.
findElements:
- findElements(): Returns a list of matching elements or an empty list if none are found.
- findElements() Continues searching to find all matching elements.
- findElements() Returns all matching elements in a list.
10. Differences Between XPath and CSS Selectors
XPath:
- Supports a wide range of axes (e.g., ancestor, descendant, preceding, following, etc.) to navigate the DOM in any direction.
Example:input[@id='email']/preceding::label finds the label before an input element.
- Can locate elements based on text content.
Example: //a[text()='Login']
CSS Selectors:
- CSS Selector is simpler, faster, and better suited for basic element identification (like ID, class, and direct relationships).
- Does not support text-based element identification.
11. What are the Cookies Methods in Selenium?
- Remove All Cookies: `driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();`
- - Remove Specific Cookie by Name: `driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("name");`
- Retrieve All Cookies: `driver.manage().getCookies();`
- Add a New Cookie: `driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("name", "value"));`
12. Which design pattern have you used in your framework?
1. Page Object Model (POM):
- Used to represent each web page as a class and web elements as variables within the class.
- Keeps test scripts clean and maintains a separation between the test logic and the underlying page structure.
- Helps reduce code duplication and improves readability and maintainability.
2. Factory Pattern:
- Applied for WebDriver initialization based on browser types like Chrome, Firefox, or Edge.
- Ensures scalability and encapsulation, making it easy to extend support for more browsers or configurations.
3. Singleton Pattern:
- To ensure only one WebDriver instance is used across tests.
- Avoids unnecessary instantiation and ensures better control over browser sessions.
4. Dependency Injection:
- Used for sharing WebDriver or other dependencies (e.g., user data, configuration files) between different classes like Steps, Hooks, and Page Objects.
13. Maven Surefire Plugin?
- Executes unit and integration tests.
- Generates test reports in XML and HTML formats.
- Supports parallel test execution.
14. Handling Failed Test Cases in TestNG?
- Use `testng-failed.xml` to rerun only failed tests.
- Implement the `ITestListener` interface to log failed test data for analysis.
15. Why is WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver() preferred?
It provides flexibility to switch to other browser drivers (e.g., FirefoxDriver, EdgeDriver) without modifying code that uses WebDriver.
Note: if you are Using ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); tightly couples the code to the Chrome browser, making it difficult to switch to other browsers without rewriting the implementation. Because of this issue we preferred the
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
15. How do you verify whether an element is inside an iframe? Can you directly access elements inside an iframe without switching to it?
To verify if an element is inside an iframe, inspect the webpage using browser developer tools. Check if the element is nested under an <iframe> tag.
You cannot directly access elements inside an iframe without switching to it because iframes are treated as separate documents within the main webpage.
16. How do you retrieve the number of iframes on a web page?
Use the following Selenium code to count the number of iframes:
List<WebElement> iframes = driver.findElements(By.tagName("iframe"));
System.out.println("Number of iframes on the page: " + iframes.size());
17. How would you handle slow-loading iframes during testing?
Handle slow-loading iframes using explicit waits. For example:
DriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.id("iframeId")));
This waits until the iframe is available and switches to it.
18. Different ways to click an element in Selenium?
Selenium is a free, open-source tool designed for web automation testing. It enables testers to perform various actions, such as clicking, typing, and executing mouse or keyboard interactions, on web page elements and verify the resulting behavior.
19. Parent class of all exceptions in Java?
java.lang.Throwable is the parent class of all exceptions in Java.
20. What is normalize-space function in xpath ? What is use of it.
The normalize-space() function in XPath is used to remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string and replace sequences of whitespace characters (such as spaces, tabs, and line breaks) within the string with a single space. This function is particularly useful when dealing with text content that might have inconsistent or irregular spacing.
Syntax:
normalize-space(string)
Example:
<div id="example"> Hello World. </div>
Without normalize-space():
//div[@id='example' and text()='Hello World']
This XPath would fail because of the extra spaces.
With normalize-space():
//div[@id='example' and normalize-space(text())='Hello World']
This XPath correctly identifies the element by normalizing the text content.
Use Cases:
- Simplifies handling of irregular whitespace.
- Makes text comparisons more robust.
- Reduces the need for manual text cleanup in automation scripts.
21. What are the difference between Action vs. Actions in Selenium?
Action
- Represents a single user interaction (e.g., a click or a keypress).
- It is the result of invoking a method like build() from the Actions class.
Example
Action action = new Actions(driver).moveToElement(element).click().build();
action.perform();
Actions:
- A utility class for creating complex user interactions like drag-and-drop or multiple keypresses.
- Provides methods like clickAndHold(), release(), and moveToElement().
Example
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.moveToElement(element).click().perform();
22. What are the difference between get() and navigate()?
get() Method:
- Purpose - To open a specific URL and load the page.
- Page Load - Blocks and waits until the page is fully loaded before returning control to the script.
- Browser History - Does not affect the browser's history; simply loads the new URL.
- Usage - driver.get("https://example.com");
- Handling - Handling Page Load Automatically handles waiting for the page to load.
- Method Type - Direct navigation to the specified URL.
Navigate() Method:
- Purpose - Provides a broader set of navigation capabilities including going back, forward, and refreshing, in addition to opening URLs.
- Page Load -`navigate().to(URL)` does not inherently wait for the page to be fully loaded; additional handling may be required.
- Browser History - Interacts with the browser's history. Allows navigating back, forward, and refreshing.
- Usage - Syntax - To open a URL: `driver.navigate().to("https://example.com");`
- Handling - Handling Page Load Requires additional explicit waits to handle synchronization issues.
- Method Type - Advanced navigation and browser history management.
23. What are locators in Selenium?
Locators are used to find and interact with elements on a webpage. Types include:
- ID
- Name
- Class Name
- Tag Name
- Link Text
- Partial Link Text
- CSS Selector
- XPath
24. What are the methods available in WebDriver?
Comments
Post a Comment